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Objective: To analyze relevant literature on Lianhua Qingwen preparations and clarify the research advances and hot spots in this field,so as to provide references for clinical rational application and further research. Method(s): Literature related to Lianhua Qingwen preparations in the recent 10 years was retrieved from six databases,including China National Knowledge InfrastructureCNKI,VIP,Wanfang Data, PubMed,and Web of Science,followed by management and analysis by NoteExpress and CiteSpace. Result(s): Finally,344 and 76 Chinese and English research articles were included,and the number of publications increased in recent years. The research articles were published in 162 Chinese and 48 English journals. Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd. and Guangzhou Medical University were institutions with the largest number of Chinese and English publications,respectively. LIU Minyan was the author who had published the most articles. Keywords with high frequency included clinical efficacy,Lianhua Qingwen,inflammatory factors,traditional Chinese medicine,and coronavirus disease-2019COVID-19. Nineteen clusters,including clinical efficacy,Chinese medicine,Lianhua Qingwen,COVID-19,and influenza A virus,and 47 emergent keywords,including herpes zoster,pneumonia,inflammatory factors,influenza,and gut microbiota,were generated. Conclusion(s):Cooperation and exchanges in this field are insufficient. Research focuses on the clinical efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen in the treatment of COVID-19 and other diseases,pharmacological action and mechanism of antiviral drugs,and micro-mechanism research focuses on related pathways and target proteins,as well as the combination of Chinese and western medicines.Copyright © 2023, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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This review presents a wide range of tetrapyrrole photosensitizers used for photodynamic therapy (PDT), antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, photoinactivation of pathogens. Methods of synthesis and design of new photosensitizers with greater selectivity of accumulation in tumor tissue and increased photoinduced antitumor activity are considered. The issues of studying the properties of new photosensitizers, their photoactivity, the ability to generate singlet oxygen, and the possibility of using targeted photodynamic therapy in clinical practice are discussed. The review examines the work on PDT by national and foreign researchers.
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OBJECTIVE To analyze the current situation and development trend of Xuebijing injection research based on relevant literature of clinical research on Xuebijing injection, and to provide a reference for subsequent studies. METHODS The literature related to the clinical study of Xuebijing injection was searched from CNKI, Wanfang V2.0, VIP Chinese Journal Service platform, and SinoMed (China Biomedical Literature Service System) for the period from the establishment of the database to March 2022. CiteSpace 5.8.R3 was used to analyze the research hotspots, perform cluster analysis, build knowledge graphs, organize the statistical and visual analysis of the diseases, syndrome types, and drug combinations involved in the literature, and explore the cross-sectional association among the studies by using bibliometric methods. RESULTS The final included literature was 2253 articles. In recent years, the amount of literature published in this field tends to be stable, and a relatively stable core team has been formed, but there is less cooperation among research teams, sepsis and pneumonia are the current research hotspots. The main clinical diseases treated by Xuebijing injection involve 19 categories, with a wide therapeutic scope, and the main syndrome type of treatment syndrome is blood stasis syndrome, which is mostly combined with related drugs and therapies in disease treatment. The efficacy is significantly improved after intervention for severe COVID-19, but the quality of relevant literature is generally low. CONCLUSION Xuebijing injection has high research interest, diversified and detailed research direction, and has extensive clinical application. It has an outstanding therapeutic effect in the treatment of critical illness type of disease, and the combination with related drugs and therapies is universal in the treatment of the disease. It has a significant curative effect in the treatment of severe COVID-19, and has a promising clinical application. © 2022 IEEE.
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Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has played an important role in the prevention and treatment of novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). Qingfei Paidu decoction, as a general prescription of Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia from the sixth to eighth versions, has been proved effective clinically and is suitable for mild, moderate, severe, and critical patients. It can significantly improve clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, asthma, fatigue, etc. On the basis of the findings of relevant research papers, this paper summarized the TCM understanding of COVID-19, including etiology, pathogenesis, disease location, and treatment, and concluded that the disease is caused by the pestilential Qi, localized in the lungs, and can affect the five organs. It is mainly characterized by coldness, dampness, heat, toxicity, stasis, and deficiency. In response to the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, the therapeutic principles at all stages are dominated by the elimination of pathogens and removal of toxicity. According to the stages of disease development, the treatment should combine the severity of the disease and the course of the disease with the TCM syndromes. Furthermore, from the clinical application of Qingfei Paidu decoction, this paper discussed the therapeutic intention of "Qingfei(clearing of lungs)" and "Paidu(removal of toxicity)". Qingfei Paidu decoction can clear the pathogenic toxin in the lungs and eliminate external pestilential Qi, which is in line with the therapeutic principles for this pandemic by regulating the triple energizer and protecting healthy Qi using both coldness and warmth to treat both the symptoms and the root cause. Additionally, the experimental research progress on Qingfei Paidu decoction and its modified prescriptions were summarized. As studied, this prescription can inhibit cytokine storm, moderate the overactive immune response, potentiate the immune function and anti-viral ability of the body, and exert its effect on COVID-19 with multiple components, multiple targets, multiple pathways, and multiple biological functions. In conclusion, Qingfei Paidu decoction, as a core prescription for the treatment of COVID-19, can rapidly contain the development of COVID-19, which has been confirmed in terms of TCM theory, clinical efficacy, and experimental research.Copyright © 2022, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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Sanrentang,originally contained in the Regulations on Febrile Diseases written by WU Ju-tong in the Qing dynasty,was composed of eight traditional Chinese herbs to treat damp-warm diseases. It is a treatment method of gradually clearing away damp heat of tri-jiao,with characteristics of separating dispersion and mobilizing discharge. "Separating dispersion" means dispersion in separated ways,with different ways to eliminate dampness to export the dampness,heat,evil and turbid out of the body. "Mobilizing discharge" means discharge to stretch and unblock the Qi,to get rid of dampness and evil. It can be seen,Sanrentang,as a desiccating formula,taking "separating dispersion and mobilizing discharge" as the cubic basis,has a significant effect on both internal and external dampness associated with pathogenic heat syndrome,and its clinical application is quite extensive. After consulting the data of the past 10 years,the authors gave a brief overview on the syndrome theory,clinical application and pharmacological effects of Sanrentang, and elaborated the therapeutic effect and pharmacological effect of Sanrentang in the clinical application of upper,middle and lower Tri-jiao respectively,providing theoretical reference for effective development and utilization of Sanrentang. Coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)swept the world in early 2020 and it is a great challenge for the medical community to seek for effective prevention and treatment methods. For COVID-19,although the cause of the disease belongs to the Qi of "pestilence",many doctors have different opinions on the pathogenic characteristics. However,they all agree with the clinical characteristics of "dampness". COVID-19,which has the attribute of "dampness evil",is so sticky that it can't be cured at once. In addition to the main symptoms such as fever and cough,it is also characterized by the middle-jiao dampness symptoms such as poor appetite,fullness of abdomen,loose stool and diarrhea. It is worthy to further explore the application prospect of Sanrentang in COVID-19 prevention and treatment.Copyright © 2021, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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[] Objective: To analyze relevant literature on Lianhua Qingwen preparations and clarify the research advances and hot spots in this field,so as to provide references for clinical rational application and further research. Method: Literature related to Lianhua Qingwen preparations in the recent 10 years was retrieved from six databases,including China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP,Wanfang Data, PubMed,and Web of Science,followed by management and analysis by NoteExpress and CiteSpace. Result: Finally,344 and 76 Chinese and English research articles were included,and the number of publications increased in recent years. The research articles were published in 162 Chinese and 48 English journals. Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd. and Guangzhou Medical University were institutions with the largest number of Chinese and English publications,respectively. LIU Minyan was the author who had published the most articles. Keywords with high frequency included clinical efficacy,Lianhua Qingwen,inflammatory factors,traditional Chinese medicine,and coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19). Nineteen clusters,including clinical efficacy,Chinese medicine,Lianhua Qingwen,COVID-19,and influenza A virus,and 47 emergent keywords,including herpes zoster,pneumonia,inflammatory factors,influenza,and gut microbiota,were generated. Conclusion:Cooperation and exchanges in this field are insufficient. Research focuses on the clinical efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen in the treatment of COVID-19 and other diseases,pharmacological action and mechanism of antiviral drugs,and micro-mechanism research focuses on related pathways and target proteins,as well as the combination of Chinese and western medicines.Copyright © 2023, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical application of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) specific antibody detection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the treatment of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). The dynamic changes of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies during COVID-19 were studied. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) appeared earlier and lasted for a short time, while immunoglobulin G (IgG) appeared later and lasted longer. IgM tests can be used for early diagnosis of COVID-19, and IgG tests can be used for late diagnosis of COVID-19 and identification of asymptomatic infected persons. The combination of antibody testing and nucleic acid testing, which complement each other, can improve the diagnosis rate of COVID-19. Monoclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies can be used to treat hospitalized severe and critically ill patients and non-hospitalized mild to moderate COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 convalescent plasma, highly concentrated immunoglobulin, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific mAbs are examples of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody products. Due to the continuous emergence of mutated strains of the novel coronavirus, especially omicron, its immune escape ability and infectivity are enhanced, making the effects of authorized products reduced or invalid. Therefore, the optimal application of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody products (especially anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific mAbs) is more effective in the treatment of COVID-19 and more conducive to patient recovery.
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The dried fruit of Amomum tsao-ko Crevost & Lemarie, a perennial herb of Cardamom in Zingiberaceae, has been widely used in food and as a folk medicine. It is used not only as an important food additive and spice for removing peculiar smell and improving taste, but also as a traditional Chinese medicine with significant efficacy in treating many kinds of disorders. Based on the high edible and medicinal value, large amounts of investigation have been reported for A. tsaoko in the past several years. This review specifically summarises its quality control, toxicology and clinical application, about which no literature had systematically reviewed, based on our best acknowledge. The current quality control of A. tsaoko is based on the content of volatile oil, which should be no less than 1.4% according to the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020 edition), while a more possible Q-Markers should be developed to focus on either a specific bioactive ingredient or a component correlated with a certain clinical efficacy. Toxicity research suggests that A. tsaoko actually belongs to the non-toxic substance, although citral and 1,8-cineole, two main components of A. tsaoko, is hepatotoxic for the former and displays low acute toxicity and sub-chronic oral toxicity for the latter, but no obviously accumulative toxicity has so far been discovered for A. tsaoko. In clinical practice, A. tsaoko is often used in treatment of dampness/cold resistance, malaria, vomiting, fullness and epigastric distension across additional disorders, such as SARS, COVID-19 and hepatitis.Copyright © 2022 The Author(s)
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[] Objective: To analyze relevant literature on Lianhua Qingwen preparations and clarify the research advances and hot spots in this field,so as to provide references for clinical rational application and further research. Method: Literature related to Lianhua Qingwen preparations in the recent 10 years was retrieved from six databases,including China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP,Wanfang Data, PubMed,and Web of Science,followed by management and analysis by NoteExpress and CiteSpace. Result: Finally,344 and 76 Chinese and English research articles were included,and the number of publications increased in recent years. The research articles were published in 162 Chinese and 48 English journals. Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd. and Guangzhou Medical University were institutions with the largest number of Chinese and English publications,respectively. LIU Minyan was the author who had published the most articles. Keywords with high frequency included clinical efficacy,Lianhua Qingwen,inflammatory factors,traditional Chinese medicine,and coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19). Nineteen clusters,including clinical efficacy,Chinese medicine,Lianhua Qingwen,COVID-19,and influenza A virus,and 47 emergent keywords,including herpes zoster,pneumonia,inflammatory factors,influenza,and gut microbiota,were generated. Conclusion:Cooperation and exchanges in this field are insufficient. Research focuses on the clinical efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen in the treatment of COVID-19 and other diseases,pharmacological action and mechanism of antiviral drugs,and micro-mechanism research focuses on related pathways and target proteins,as well as the combination of Chinese and western medicines.Copyright © 2023, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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[] Objective: To analyze relevant literature on Lianhua Qingwen preparations and clarify the research advances and hot spots in this field,so as to provide references for clinical rational application and further research. Method: Literature related to Lianhua Qingwen preparations in the recent 10 years was retrieved from six databases,including China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP,Wanfang Data, PubMed,and Web of Science,followed by management and analysis by NoteExpress and CiteSpace. Result: Finally,344 and 76 Chinese and English research articles were included,and the number of publications increased in recent years. The research articles were published in 162 Chinese and 48 English journals. Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd. and Guangzhou Medical University were institutions with the largest number of Chinese and English publications,respectively. LIU Minyan was the author who had published the most articles. Keywords with high frequency included clinical efficacy,Lianhua Qingwen,inflammatory factors,traditional Chinese medicine,and coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19). Nineteen clusters,including clinical efficacy,Chinese medicine,Lianhua Qingwen,COVID-19,and influenza A virus,and 47 emergent keywords,including herpes zoster,pneumonia,inflammatory factors,influenza,and gut microbiota,were generated. Conclusion:Cooperation and exchanges in this field are insufficient. Research focuses on the clinical efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen in the treatment of COVID-19 and other diseases,pharmacological action and mechanism of antiviral drugs,and micro-mechanism research focuses on related pathways and target proteins,as well as the combination of Chinese and western medicines.Copyright © 2023, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer vesicles actively secreted by cells, that contain a variety of functional nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and are important mediums of intercellular communication. Based on their natural properties, EVs can not only retain the pharmacological effects of their source cells but also serve as natural delivery carriers. Among them, plant-derived nanovesicles (PNVs) are characterized as natural disease therapeutics with many advantages such as simplicity, safety, eco-friendliness, low cost, and low toxicity due to their abundant resources, large yield, and low risk of immunogenicity in vivo. This review systematically introduces the biogenesis, isolation methods, physical characterization, and components of PNVs, and describes their administration and cellular uptake as therapeutic agents. We highlight the therapeutic potential of PNVs as therapeutic agents and drug delivery carriers, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, wound healing, regeneration, and antiaging properties as well as their potential use in the treatment of liver disease and COVID-19. Finally, the toxicity and immunogenicity, the current clinical application, and the possible challenges in the future development of PNVs were analyzed. We expect the functions of PNVs to be further explored to promote clinical translation, thereby facilitating the development of a new framework for the treatment of human diseases.Copyright © 2023 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
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Sanrentang,originally contained in the Regulations on Febrile Diseases written by WU Ju-tong in the Qing dynasty,was composed of eight traditional Chinese herbs to treat damp-warm diseases. It is a treatment method of gradually clearing away damp heat of tri-jiao,with characteristics of separating dispersion and mobilizing discharge. "Separating dispersion" means dispersion in separated ways,with different ways to eliminate dampness to export the dampness,heat,evil and turbid out of the body. "Mobilizing discharge" means discharge to stretch and unblock the Qi,to get rid of dampness and evil. It can be seen,Sanrentang,as a desiccating formula,taking "separating dispersion and mobilizing discharge" as the cubic basis,has a significant effect on both internal and external dampness associated with pathogenic heat syndrome,and its clinical application is quite extensive. After consulting the data of the past 10 years,the authors gave a brief overview on the syndrome theory,clinical application and pharmacological effects of Sanrentang, and elaborated the therapeutic effect and pharmacological effect of Sanrentang in the clinical application of upper,middle and lower Tri-jiao respectively,providing theoretical reference for effective development and utilization of Sanrentang. Coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)swept the world in early 2020 and it is a great challenge for the medical community to seek for effective prevention and treatment methods. For COVID-19,although the cause of the disease belongs to the Qi of "pestilence",many doctors have different opinions on the pathogenic characteristics. However,they all agree with the clinical characteristics of "dampness". COVID-19,which has the attribute of "dampness evil",is so sticky that it can't be cured at once. In addition to the main symptoms such as fever and cough,it is also characterized by the middle-jiao dampness symptoms such as poor appetite,fullness of abdomen,loose stool and diarrhea. It is worthy to further explore the application prospect of Sanrentang in COVID-19 prevention and treatment.Copyright © 2021, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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The liposome is the first nanomedicine transformed into the market and applied to human patients. Since then, such phospholipid bilayer vesicles have undergone technological advancements in delivering small molecular-weight compounds and biological drugs. Numerous investigations about liposome uses were conducted in different treatment fields, including anti-tumor, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and clinical analgesia, owing to liposome's ability to reduce drug cytotoxicity and improve the therapeutic efficacy and combinatorial delivery. In particular, two liposomal vaccines were approved in 2021 to combat COVID-19. Herein, the clinically used liposomes are reviewed by introducing various liposomal preparations in detail that are currently proceeding in the clinic or on the market. Finally, we will discuss the challenges of developing liposomes and cutting-edge liposomal delivery for biological drugs and combination therapy.
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Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are central players in the humoral immunity that defends the body from SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking viral entry into host cells and neutralizing their biological effects. Even though NAbs primarily work by neutralizing viral antigens, on some occasions, they may also combat the SARS-CoV-2 virus escaping neutralization by employing several effector mechanisms in collaboration with immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes. Besides their prophylactic and therapeutic roles, antibodies can be used for COVID-19 diagnosis, severity evaluation, and prognosis assessment in clinical practice. Furthermore, the measurement of NAbs could have key implications in determining individual or herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccine effectiveness, and duration of the humoral protective response, as well as aiding in the selection of suitable individuals who can donate convalescent plasma to treat infected people. Despite all these clinical applications of NAbs, using them in clinical settings can present some challenges. This review discusses the protective functions, possible protective mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2, and potential clinical applications of NAbs in COVID-19. This article also highlights the possible challenges and solutions associated with COVID-19 antibody-based prophylaxis, therapy, and vaccination.
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Antibodies, Neutralizing , COVID-19 , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 Testing , COVID-19 Serotherapy , Antibodies, ViralABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic required our pediatric health care staff to adjust to many irregularities and solve serious issues in our routine clinical practice. In outpatient clinics, many children exhibited common cold symptoms that mimic COVID-19, thus we initially screened patients via an interview form, then later via SARS-CoV-2 antigen test. Cluster infections were entirely avoided by following systematic, everyday precautions. Patientsquality of life has been difficult to maintain during the pandemic, due to social and staffing restrictions. Other unexpected repercussions - such as an unexpected lack of seasonal virus infections, then a respiratory syncytial (RS) virus outbreak - required agile management of hospital resources. While we must continue to adapt our treatment programs in response to the evolving COVID-19 crisis, it remains essential to support the well-being of children through regular health check-ups, mental health support, educational opportunities, proper socialization, and close communication with parents and families.
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The resulting Covid-19 pandemic has afflicted tens of millions of people to fight COVID-19 with the mRNA vaccine, which has provided good feedback but has also brought some adverse effects and complications. This paper demonstrates the great potential of MRA vaccines in fighting new tubes by introducing the mechanism and advantages of MNA vaccines and summarizes the adverse reactions found around the world after injection of mRNA vaccines and focuses on the three types of adverse reactions to discuss and tries to analyze their causes. Our work can draw public attention to adverse reactions to the MNA vaccine and accelerate the development of related technologies. © 2022 SPIE. All rights reserved.
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Ephedrae Herba (Ephedra), known as "MaHuang" in China, is the dried straw stem that is associated with the lung and urinary bladder meridians. At present, more than 60 species of Ephedra plants have been identified, which contain more than 100 compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sugars, and organic phenolic acids. This herb has long been used to treat asthma, liver disease, skin disease, and other diseases, and has shown unique efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Because alkaloids are the main components causing toxicity, the safety of Ephedra must be considered. However, the nonalkaloid components of Ephedra can be effectively used to replace ephedrine extracts to treat some diseases, and reasonable use can ensure the safety of Ephedra. We reviewed the phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical application, and alkaloid toxicity of Ephedra, and describe prospects for its future development to facilitate the development of Ephedra.
Subject(s)
Alkaloids , Antineoplastic Agents , COVID-19 , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Ephedra , Humans , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry , Alkaloids/pharmacology , Ephedra/chemistry , Ephedrine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS), characterized by high morbidity and mortality, has imposed a considerable burden on society. Despite rapid development in the treatment of AIS, there is still a high risk of recurrence. Furthermore, there is a time delay in waiting for the results of conventional coagulation tests in candidate patients for intravenous thrombolysis therapy. Heterogeneous responses to antiplatelet, intravascular thrombolysis, and endovascular therapies also worsen the situation. Thromboelastography (TEG), as a global and portable detection method for hemostasis, facilitates clinicians in disease monitoring, treatment evaluation, and prognosis prediction in AIS. In this narrative review, we provided a comprehensive summary of the clinical application of TEG in ischemic stroke and gave insights to further studies.
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Brain Ischemia , Ischemic Stroke , Stroke , Humans , Thrombelastography , Blood Coagulation Tests , Thrombolytic Therapy/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Accurate and fast whole cardiac substructures segmentation from Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is crucial in developing clinical applications, such as computer-aided surgery and computer-aided diagnosis. However, the segmentation of different substructures is challenging because of the amount of data that should be annotated by experts, the diversity of sizes and shapes of cardiac substructures, and the complexity of the background. This work aims to develop an automatic and fast whole heart segmentation including all cardiac substructures as well as the great vessels. The proposed approach used mainly image processing methods that enable the heart segmentation from sagittal, axial, and coronal views to obtain a 3D reconstruction. Finally, the experiments are conducted on both Automated Cardiac Diagnosis Challenge and CT scans acquired from a patient with COVID-19 at the Cheikh Zaid International University Hospital in Rabat Morocco. © 2022 IEEE.
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The dried fruit of Amomum tsao-ko Crevost & Lemarié, a perennial herb of Cardamom in Zingiberaceae, has been widely used in food and as a folk medicine. It is used not only as an important food additive and spice for removing peculiar smell and improving taste, but also as a traditional Chinese medicine with significant efficacy in treating many kinds of disorders. Based on the high edible and medicinal value, large amounts of investigation have been reported for A. tsaoko in the past several years. This review specifically summarises its quality control, toxicology and clinical application, about which no literature had systematically reviewed, based on our best acknowledge. The current quality control of A. tsaoko is based on the content of volatile oil, which should be no less than 1.4% according to the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020 edition), while a more possible Q-Markers should be developed to focus on either a specific bioactive ingredient or a component correlated with a certain clinical efficacy. Toxicity research suggests that A. tsaoko actually belongs to the non-toxic substance, although citral and 1,8-cineole, two main components of A. tsaoko, is hepatotoxic for the former and displays low acute toxicity and sub-chronic oral toxicity for the latter, but no obviously accumulative toxicity has so far been discovered for A. tsaoko. In clinical practice, A. tsaoko is often used in treatment of dampness/cold resistance, malaria, vomiting, fullness and epigastric distension across additional disorders, such as SARS, COVID-19 and hepatitis.